Questions & Answers: Karma by Khuswant Singh

Khushwant Singh, a prominent figure in Indian literature, is known for his keen observations of Indian society and his vivid storytelling. One of his most compelling short stories, “Karma,” delves into the themes of colonialism, social class, identity, and fate – encapsulated in the concept of karma. In this article, we’ll explore the story through a series of questions and answers, unpacking the rich tapestry of meaning behind Singh’s work.

Q: What is the plot of Khushwant Singh’s “Karma”?

A: “Karma” tells the story of Sir Mohan Lal, an Anglophile who looks down upon his fellow Indians and idolizes the British way of life. He is educated, wealthy, and has a high-ranking job – all of which have inflated his ego. As he waits for a train to take him to Calcutta, he eagerly anticipates traveling in the first-class compartment, separated from what he considers the uncouth masses. His wife, Lachmi, is the opposite; she is content with her Indian identity and prefers to mingle with the ordinary people. The story reaches its climax when Sir Mohan is thrown out of the first-class compartment by British soldiers, highlighting the irony of his unwavering loyalty to the British and his disdain for his roots.

Q: Who is Sir Mohan Lal, and how does he represent the theme of colonialism?

A: Sir Mohan Lal is a complex character who embodies the internalized effects of colonialism. As an Indian man who has adopted British mannerisms, language, and attire, he represents a segment of Indian society that sought to align itself with the colonizers, often at the expense of its heritage. His character is a critique of the colonial hangover that persisted in India, even after independence. He sees himself as superior to other Indians because of his perceived closeness to British culture, which Singh uses to explore the psychological impact of colonialism.

Q: How does Lachmi contrast with her husband, and what does she symbolize?

A: Lachmi is the antithesis of Sir Mohan. Where he is detached from his Indian identity, she embraces it fully. She is portrayed as simple, traditional, and content with her cultural roots. Her character symbolizes the unpretentious and authentic side of India, which remains untouched by the superficial allure of colonial influence. Lachmi’s contentment and her connection with the common people serve as a foil to her husband’s pretentious nature and misplaced loyalties.

Q: What does the concept of “karma” have to do with the story?

A: Karma, in the context of the story, refers to the idea that actions have consequences. Sir Mohan Lal’s behavior and attitudes – his disdain for his compatriots and his imitation of the British – are his actions that set the stage for his fall. When he is thrown out of the train compartment, it serves as a metaphorical and literal fall from grace, a consequence of his actions and attitudes. Singh suggests that one cannot escape the repercussions of one’s actions and that identity, when built on disingenuous foundations, can lead to downfall.

Q: Can “Karma” be seen as a critique of the Indian caste system?

A: While “Karma” is primarily a critique of colonialism and identity, it also touches upon the class distinctions prevalent in Indian society. Sir Mohan Lal’s attitude reflects a casteist mindset, where he considers himself above others based on social status. His treatment of his wife and his fellow Indians shows a hierarchical view of society, which is a central aspect of the caste system. Therefore, the story can also be read as a critique of social elitism and the arbitrary divisions it creates.

Q: What role does irony play in the narrative of “Karma”?

A: Irony is a potent literary device used by Singh in “Karma.” The most striking example is the ironic twist in Sir Mohan’s fate. Despite his efforts to distance himself from his Indian identity and align with the British, he is not accepted by them and is physically ejected from their space. The irony lies in the fact that the very people he idolizes are the ones who degrade him. This use of irony not only serves to advance the plot but also emphasizes the themes of identity and the delusion of colonial admiration.

Q: How does the setting of the story enhance its themes?

A: The setting – a train station and a train – is symbolic of transition and movement. It is a place where different classes and cultures intersect. For Sir Mohan, the train represents his desire to move into the realm of the British elite. However, it ultimately becomes the site of his humiliation. The setting underscores the themes of transition, not just in a physical sense but alsoin the realm of social identity and personal transformation.

Q: What are the implications of Sir Mohan Lal’s encounter with the British soldiers?

A: Sir Mohan Lal’s encounter with the British soldiers is pivotal. It exposes the futility of his aspirations to be part of the British culture. The soldiers’ contemptuous treatment of him, despite his attempts to mimic their manners and appearance, reveals the hollow nature of his ambitions. This encounter serves as a stark reminder that despite India’s political independence, the psychological and cultural ramifications of colonialism endure. It also suggests that identity is not something that can be assumed by mere imitation but is rooted in authenticity and heritage.

Q: How does Singh use language to convey the characters’ identities?

A: Singh meticulously crafts the language of his characters to reflect their identities and social positions. Sir Mohan’s English is formal and peppered with British colloquialisms, signifying his desire to be seen as a sophisticated English gentleman. In contrast, Lachmi’s interactions are in simple, unadorned Hindi, representing her connection to traditional Indian culture. The dialogue not only distinguishes the characters but also serves as a commentary on the influence of language in shaping and reflecting social identities.

Q: What message does Singh convey about the notion of ‘home’ and belonging?

A: Through “Karma,” Singh seems to suggest that ‘home’ and a sense of belonging cannot be fabricated through the adoption of external customs or the rejection of one’s roots. Sir Mohan’s alienation from his fellow Indians and his ultimate rejection by the British soldiers underscore the idea that home is where one’s inherent cultural and personal identity is accepted and embraced. The story conveys that true belonging comes from an acceptance of oneself, and that attempting to find a home in a place where one is not valued for who they are is an exercise in futility.

Final Thoughts

Khushwant Singh’s “Karma” is a complex and thought-provoking short story that addresses the consequences of one’s actions within the broader context of colonialism, identity, and social class. Through the ironic downfall of Sir Mohan Lal, Singh not only critiques the residual effects of colonial rule on individual psyches and societal structures but also questions the very nature of belonging and authenticity.

The story serves as a poignant reminder that the search for identity in a world marked by historical and cultural upheavals is fraught with challenges. Yet, it also suggests that embracing one’s roots and acknowledging the inherent worth of one’s cultural heritage can lead to a more grounded and genuine sense of self. “Karma” invites readers to reflect on the complexities of identity formation and the invisible yet powerful forces that shape our destinies.